Category Archives: Books

Evolution Stadium

How far removed are we from our proto-human ancestors? Not as much as one would think. Richard Wrangham has a creative way to illustrate that in the beginning of his book Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human:

Although the australopithecines were far different from us, in the big scheme of things they lived not so long ago. Imagine going to a sporting event with sixty thousand seats around the stadium. You arrive early with your grandmother, and the two of you take the first seats. Next to your grandmother sits her grandmother, your great-great-grandmother. Next to her is your great-great-great-great-grandmother. The stadium fills with the ghosts of preceding grandmothers. An hour later the seat next to you is occupied by the last to sit down, the ancestor of you all. She nudges your elbow, and you turn to find a strange nonhuman face. Beneath a low forehead and big brow-ridge, bright dark eyes surmount a massive jaw. Her long, muscular arms and short legs intimate her gymnastic climbing ability. She is your ancestor and an australopithecine, hardly a companion your grandmother can be expected to enjoy. She grabs an overhead beam and swings away over the crowd to steal some peanuts from a vendor.

Evolution may happen at glacial pace from our perspective. But if you zoom out a bit, it happens incredibly fast. Interesting stuff.

2011: The Year in Books

It’s year-end list season. As is now tradition on this blog, here is a list of books I read this year, and a few words about each (see also 2009 and 2010). Hopefully you’ll find a few you’ll want to pick up yourself, or give to a friend. As in past years, books that I started but didn’t finish are not included.

Please do share any lists or recommendations of your own; I’m always looking for something new.

1.    Jenny Anderson and Paula Szuchman – Spousonomics: Using Economics to Master Love, Marriage, and Dirty Dishes
I read this a month or so before my wife and I got married. Some of its advice, like utilizing comparative advantage in divvying up household chores, has made our life together a little bit better at the margin.

2.    J.C. Bradbury – Hot Stove Economics: Understanding Baseball’s Second Season
I like baseball, and I like economics. I liked this book. You may want to reacquaint yourself with the basics of regression analysis, though. It gets technical.

3.    J.B. Bury – A History of Freedom of Thought
Follows the traditional, oversimplified arc of classical times-good, medieval-bad, Renaissance-good. Bury’s commitment to free speech and religious skepticism is both admirable and heartfelt, though he isn’t always very tactful in expressing it.

4.    Bryan Caplan – Selfish Reasons to Have More Kids: Why Being a Great Parent Is Less Work and More Fun Than You Think
Rest easy, helicopter parents. If you and your spouse are intelligent and successful, genetics say your kids probably will be too. Ease up on the piano lessons you both hate and play outside instead. Have fun with your kids.

5.    Tom Clancy – Rainbow Six
A colleague recommended it. If you like Tom Clancy novels, you’ll like this book. If not, then not.

6.    Arthur C. Clarke – The Lost Worlds of 2001
Both the book and the movie went through countless re-writes in the four years that Clarke and Kubrick spent on them. This contains early versions of many scenes, along with some of Clarke’s stories about what working with Kubrick was like.

7.    Arthur C. Clarke – 2001: A Space Odyssey
Not as vivid as the movie, nor as artistic. But good nonetheless. Certainly more comprehensible.

8.    Tyler Cowen – The Great Stagnation: How America Ate All the Low-Hanging Fruit of Modern History and Will (Eventually) Feel Better
Provocative, and probably intentionally so. He’s right that this century has seen no innovations on par with the telephone or the automobile. Then again, one cannot predict the future. I also think he severely underestimates the Internet’s economic benefits.

9.    Michael Crichton – State of Fear
Similar to the Clancy book. My employer is also mentioned by name.

10.    Lee Doren – Enroll Responsibility: Avoiding Indoctrination at College
Lee is a former colleague. This is his advice for finding intellectual diversity in an environment that often disdains it.

11.    Will Durant – On the Meaning of Life
One of his minor works. Durant was best known for his masterful 11-volume Story of Civilization, written with his wife Ariel. Contains Durant’s correspondence about life’s meaning with everyone from H.L. Mencken to Gandhi to a prisoner in Sing Sing, bookended by Durant’s own thoughts, first playing the pessimist, then optimist.

12.    Desiderius Erasmus – The Praise of Folly
Erasmus was one of history’s most persistent enemies of capital-C Certainty. Also much funnier than your average 16th century Dutch philosophical text. This was on purpose.

13.    Joseph Gibson – A Better Congress: Change the Rules, Change the Results: A Modest Proposal
A colleague of mine likes to say that the problem isn’t the man, and it isn’t the party. It’s the system. Enter Gibson. He has many good ideas, and a few bad ones, about how to change the system. Better incentive structures give better results.

14.    Nick Gillespie and Matt Welch – The Declaration of Independents: How Libertarian Politics Can Fix What’s Wrong with America
Their libertarianism is more cultural than political, which is a breath of fresh air. Though, unlike the authors, I still think the Velvet Underground are the most overrated band in rock.

15.    Brian Greene – The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos
Nobody will mistake this for hard science. But it’s a fun tour through theoretical physics.

16.    Tim Groseclose – Left Turn: How Liberal Media Bias Distorts the American Mind
Shrill book titles like this one turn off anyone not already sympathetic to the thesis from picking up the book and pondering it. The peer-reviewed empirical research in this book is convincing, regardless of one’s political persuasion. Groseclose’s left-leaning colleagues have repeatedly vouched for his integrity, though it will probably do little good with a book title like this one.

17. Robert Heinlein – The Menace from Earth
A collection of short stories, most of them apocalyptic in nature.

18.    Penn Jillette – God No! Signs You May Already Be an Atheist and Other Magical Tales
It’s as much autobiography as it is philosophical polemic. And he cusses like a sailor. But it’s an entertaining, if tangent-prone read.

19.    Paul Johnson – George Washington
A good introduction, but makes little of the important fact that Washington was perhaps the first man since Cincinnatus to give up power voluntarily.

20.    Kevin Kelly – What Technology Wants
Some of his ideas are a bit out there, but I learned a lot about the nature of technological progress. Certainly an improvement over Kuhn’s soporific Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

21.    Israel Kirzner – Ludwig von Mises: The Man and His Economics
More of an intellectual biography than a personal one, written by Mises’ most famous and accomplished student.

22.    Christpher B. Krebs – A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus’s Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich
A neighbor lent this to me when he learned of my interest in Tacitus. This book follows Germania’s career from the Dark Ages, when monks copied it down to preserve it for posterity, through the Renaissance, the birth of German romanticism and nationalism, and, finally, the horrors of National Socialism. Sometimes books have an unintended influence that would horrify the author.

23.    Bob Lutz – Car Guys vs. Bean Counters: The Battle for the Soul of American Business
He’s pro-bailout, so that’s strike one. He’s irrationally pro-Chevy Volt; strike two. But he also knows that a successful business needs passionate people in charge. Car guys, not bean counters. Accountants have their place. But not at the top. GM learned that the hard way.

24.    Deirdre McCloskey – The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce
Capitalism doesn’t just make people richer, it makes them more virtuous. Markets don’t work without trust, honesty, and respect. And mass prosperity lets people devote more time and energy to love, art, friends, charity, and more.

25.    Deirdre McCloskey – Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World
What caused modern prosperity? McCloskey thinks it was a change in rhetoric and public opinion around the time of the Enlightenment. Institutions, markets, and all the usual economic explanations certainly matter. But first, people had to lose their hostility towards commerce and a bourgeois lifestyle.

26.    Herman Melville – Moby Dick
I don’t read as much literature as I would like. So when I do, I usually go for the classics; I’m confident they’ll be good. And true to reputation, there was poetry in Melville’s prose. It also read surprisingly quickly, so don’t let its length scare you off.

27.    Ludwig von Mises – Bureaucracy
Markets have prices, profits, and losses. Bureaucracy’s distinguishing feature is that it doesn’t. Bureaucracies are inefficient because, unlike markets, they have no way to calculate the most efficient way to provide a service, or even the value of the service itself.

28.    Iain Murray – Stealing You Blind: How Government Fat Cats Are Getting Rich Off of You
Government isn’t for the people, it’s for government. Corporations are for corporations, not consumers. Unions are for unions, not workers. Rent-seeking is everywhere. Fortunately, Iain, a colleague, has many good ideas for reform. Click on the book title to see my more detailed Amazon review.

29.    Elizabeth Nash – Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History
My wife and I visited Seville and Granada on our honeymoon. This book helped to bring us up to speed on what we were seeing.

30.    Robert Nozick: Anarchy, State, and Utopia
The classic defense of minarchism. Nozick’s intellect was famously curious and playful, and it shows throughout. He asks dozens of fun questions for the reader to ponder without answering them for him, and thought experiments abound.

31.    Tom G. Palmer – Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and Practice
A collection of over two decades of essays that somehow successfully coheres into a whole. Tom thinks and writes at a high level, yet it isn’t a difficult read.

32.    Tom G. Palmer, ed. – The Morality of Capitalism
Contains short essays from around the world by economists, philosophers, a Nobel-winning novelist, and a businessman about why market liberalism is more moral than its illiberal alternatives. A valuable addition to the debate.

33.    Mary Platt Parmele – A Short History of Spain
More travel reading for our honeymoon.

34.    Peter Pierson – The History of Spain
See above, but 300 pages instead of 100.

35.    Varlam Shalamov – Kolyma Tales
Fiction, but only barely. Readers of Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich will know what I mean.

36.    Carl Sagan – Demon-Haunted World
Sagan’s paean to skepticism and the scientific method. Tangent-prone, and his lack of economic training shows in his policy prescriptions, but mostly excellent.

37.    Michael Shermer – The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—how We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them As Truths
This is an important book. Read it. Humans are wonderful creatures, and yet frustratingly irrational. Shermer’s concepts of patternicity and agenticity do much to explain why.

38.    Adam Smith – An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
It begins with Smith’s underappreciated theory of the division of labor, and ends with a call for American independence. In between is some folly and much, much wisdom.

39.    Timothy Snyder – Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin
The worst of World War II’s horrors, including the Holocaust and the Ukraine famine, largely happened in Eastern Europe between Germany and Russia. Snyder calls this region the Bloodlands, and rightly so. Belarus, for example, lost half its population during the war. And not to immigration.

40.    Alex Tabarrok – Launching the Innovation Renaissance: A New Path to Bring Smart Ideas to Market Fast
A short e-book put out by the TED Foundation. Tabarrok is skeptical of most patents, wants more high-skilled immigration, and finds a depressing lack of competition and innovation in the three largest economic sectors – government, health care, and education. That makes optimism for the future difficult, but not impossible.

41.    Tacitus – The Agricola and the Germania
The Agricola is Tacitus’ encomium to his departed father-in-law, who served as consul, and did much to conquer Britain. The Germania is his description of the barbarian peoples who inhabited what is today Germany. Back then, it was the outer reaches of the Empire and beyond. He may or may not have actually visited the region.

42.    Mick Wall – Enter Night: A Biography of Metallica
I’ve been listening to Metallica for twenty years. Why not learn a little bit about them?

43.    Alison Weir – The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Not only did this book help me straighten out in my head this particular procession of queens for the first time, Weir writes in great depth about their personalities and what life was like in Tudor England for nobles and royals. A really good read.

44.    H.G. Wells – The Time Machine
The writing and plot are clunky, but this was still a fun read. This was the very first story to feature a machine that could travel through time.

45.    Robert Zaresky and John T. Scott – The Philosophers’ Quarrel: Rousseau, Hume, and the Limits of Human Understanding
A dual biography of polar opposites, both in philosophy and personality. They were close friends at one time, but Rousseau’s paranoid tendencies in later life caused a rift that became the talk of Europe.

Isaac Newton’s Funeral

Throughout history, most societies have been based on status. King, noble, and peasant. Brahmin and untouchable. Mandarin and coolie. One of liberalism’s crowning achievements is tearing down those old status societies and replacing them with contract societies. In a liberal society, all people have equal rights, and must deal with each other as equals. No man is forced to grovel before a duke or a king. He may look him in the eye now.

Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are far richer than I am. But if one of them wrongs me, I get my day in court. They might have better lawyers with shinier suits than me. But we are still equals before the law.

This was a novel phenomenon in the 18th century, mainly confined to England and the Netherlands, and even far more imperfectly than today. Here’s how Isaac Newton’s funeral looked through French eyes:

Having come from a nation where aristocracy and clergy held a monopoly on power and privilege, Voltaire marveled at a society where a scientist was buried with the honors of a king.

Robert Zaresky and John T. Scott, The Philosophers’ Quarrel: Rousseau, Hume, and the Limits of Human Understanding, location 877 in the Kindle version.

Isaac Newton’s life was a landmark event in the history of science. His funeral was, unknowingly, a landmark event in the history of human freedom.

Sagan on Certainty

Wisdom and humility from Carl Sagan:

Humans may crave absolute certainty; they may aspire to it; they may pretend, as partisans of certain religions do, to have attained it. But the history of science – by far the most successful claim to knowledge accessible to humans – teaches that the most we can hope for is successive improvement in our understanding, learning from our mistakes, an asymptotic approach to the Universe, but with the proviso that absolute certainty will always elude.

We will always be mired in error.

-Carl Sagan, Demon-Haunted World, location 627 in the Kindle edition.

For my own thoughts on this kind of capital-C Certainty, see here, here, here, and here.

No, Rousseau, Man Is a Social Animal

No man is an island. Economics is based on that fact. You can’t make an exchange, and markets cannot emerge, with solitary people leading solitary lives. Evolution bears this out. Our predecessors, from at least Australopithecus on down, lived in bands and tribes. Not alone. They lived, loved, ate, fought, and died together. We are evolved to need each other.

Rousseau, who died over 70 years before Darwin’s Origin of Species, thought differently. His Original Man in the state of nature assumes away our innate social tendencies. From his false premises come many of his false conclusions:

He [Rousseau] begins with a portrait of natural man as a solitary animal devoid of reason and speech, a being whose limited needs can be easily satisfied without depending on anyone, whose soul is restricted to the sole sentiment of his existence without any idea of the future, as near as it may be.

Robert Zaresky and John T. Scott, The Philosophers’ Quarrel: Rousseau, Hume, and the Limits of Human Understanding, location 381 in the Kindle edition.

From that miserable Rousseauian Eden, we are fallen. Thank goodness.

J.B. Bury on the Role of Church and State in History

When church and state compete against each other, the people are mostly left alone, and prosper. When they work together, well:

The conflict sketched in these pages appears as a war between light and darkness. We exclaim that altar and throne formed a sinister conspiracy against the progress of humanity.

J.B. Bury, A History of Freedom of Thought, p. 177.

The Poor Benefit Most

Deirdre McCloskey’s Great Fact is the leaps and bounds that human well-being has made over the last 200 years. The improvement is a factor of at least 16 in monetary terms, and as much as 100-fold when accounting for the improved quality of goods. Think of the difference between a CD and an iPod. Not 16 or 100 percent; 16 or 100-fold. That’s huge.

The improvement is so huge that she believes the Great Fact is the most important event in human history since the Agricultural Revolution asserted itself around 10,000 years ago. And the best news about the Great Fact should bring cheer to anyone who holds a place in their heart for the poor:

In statistics and in substance the very poorest have benefitted the most. Robert Fogel, a careful student of such matters, notes that “the average real income of the bottom fifth of the [American] population has multiplied by some twentyfold since 1890, several times more than the gain realized by the rest of the population.” The bottom 10 percent have moved from undernutrition to overnutrition, and from crowded slum housing to uncrowded slum housing, and from broken-down buses to broken-down automobiles.

Deirdre McCloskey, Bourgeouis Dignity, p. 72.

There’s still a ways to go, obviously. So let’s keep it going. But anyone who denies the significance of the massive gains already made contributes nothing towards the noble cause of eradicating global poverty, and in fact poisons the project.

How to Lose an Argument

Thomas Erskine defended Thomas Paine after authorities decided to persecute him for the radical ideas contained in his Rights of Man. Here, Erskine tells a story that explains to Paine’s prosecutors why someone who threatens force during an argument is almost surely wrong:

You must all remember, gentlemen, Lucian’s pleasant story: Jupiter and a countryman were walking together, conversing with great freedom and familiarity upon the subject of heaven and earth. The countryman listened with attention and acquiescence while Jupiter strove only to convince him; but happening to hint a doubt, Jupiter turned hastily around and threatened him with his thunder. ‘Ah, ha!’ says the countryman, ‘now, Jupiter, I know that you are wrong; you are always wrong when you appeal to your thunder.’

Quoted from J.B. Bury, A History of Freedom of Thought, pp. 130-31.

He’s right. An argument can only truly be won on the merits.The world would be a better place if more people realized that.

A Second Measure of Progress

More good news from Matt Ridley:

In twentieth century oil has been the chief cause of anxiety. In 1914, the United States Bureau of Mines predicted that American oil reserves would last ten years. In 1939 the Department of the Interior said American oil would last thirteen years. Twelve years later it said the oil would last another thirteen years President Jimmy Carter announced in the 1970s that: “We could use up all of the proven reserves of oil in the entire world by the end of the next decade. In 1970, there were 550 billion barrels of oil reserves in the ground and between 1970 and 1990 the world used 6000 billion barrels of oil. So reserves should have been overdrawn by fifty billion barrels by 1990… Shale gas finds have recently doubled America’s gas resources to nearly three centuries’ worth.

Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist, pp. 237-38.

One Measure of Progress

This quote from friend-of-CEI Matt Ridley is too good not to share. Something to be thankful for on Thanksgiving:

Ask how much artificial light you can earn with an hour of work at the average wage. The amount has increased from 24 lumen-hours in 1750 BC (sesame oil lamp) to 186 in 1800 (tallow candle) to 4,400 in 1880 (kerosene lamp) to 531,000 in 1950 (incandescent light bulb) to 8.4 million lumen-hours today (compact fluorescent bulb). Put it another way, an hour of work today earns you 300 days’ worth of reading light; an hour of work in 1800 earned you ten minutes of reading light.

Matt Ridley, The Rational Optimist, p. 20.